Friday, May 24, 2019

The primary mechanism of action of local anesthetics involves the blockade of which of the following ion channels


>inactivated, voltage gated, Na+channels


The ionized form of local anesthetics is mainly responsible for which of the following properties of the drug

>receptor binding

What drug causes useful systemic action


>lidocaine

How does the blood pressure changes on administration of procaine


>decreases due to the blockade of the sympathetic ganglia

What effect is observed for resorb effect of procaine


>in high doses - a violation of neuromuscular transmission

Mechanism of action of astringents drugs is


>decrease inflammatory process on the mucosa

Which group of drugs reduces pain, improves trophic organs and tissues, providing "evasive" action


>irritant

Which preparations are used in the treatment of inflammation of the mucous membranes and skin


>astringent

Thursday, May 23, 2019

Pick out the appropriate alimentary route of administration when passage of drugs through liver is minimized


>rectal

What does determine the low oral bioavailability of drugs


>high hepatic clearance

Indication of the degree of absorption of drugs is


>bioavailability

Half life (T ½) depends of


>time of drug absorption

Which of the following terms describes the actions of a tablet on the body after ingestion and adsorption


>pharmacodynamics  

Directly related to ion channels


>GABA receptor  

Adenylate cyclase is activated by stimulation


>β2- adrenergic receptors

Which of the following terms best defines activity higher than 0% and lower than 100%


>partial agonist

Which of the following terms best describes a specific region of the receptor molecule where the drug binds


>recognition  site

Which of the following cell constituents most likely function as drug receptor


>+ion channel proteins 

The time it takes for the drug to eliminate 50% of the amount of its concentration in plasma or body is referred to us


>T 1|2  half life

If an agonist can produce submaximal effects and has high efficacy it is called


>full agonist

Tolerance and drug resistance can be a consequence of


>change in receptors, loss of them or exhaustion of mediators

Tolerance and drug resistance can be a consequence of


>increased metabolic degradation

Hyperreactivity to a drug seen as a result of denervation


>supersensivity

A hydrophilic medicinal agent has the following property


>low ability to penetrate through the cell membrane lipids

The substance binding to one receptor subtype as an agonist and to another as antagonist is called


>agonist-antagonist

If an agonist can produce submaximal effects and has moderate efficacy it is called


>partial agonist

Tick narcotic analgesic, which is a phenylpiperidine derivative


>fentanyl

Inhibition of COX -1 would cause which of the following results


>bleeding

Inhibition of COX -1 would cause which of the following results


>gastric irritation

Which of the following NSAIDs is a nonselective COX inhibitor


>piroxicam

Which of the following NSAIDs is an oxicam derivative


>piroxicam

Which of the following NSAIDs is a pyrazolone derivative


>metamizole

Which of the following NSAIDs is an indol derivative


>indomethacin

Which of the following NSAIDs is a propionic acid derivative


>ibuprofen

Shortest –acting benzodiazepine

>triazolam

Aspirin, NSAIDs, and acetaminophen can act by


>inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins

Effective in managing acute ethanol withdrawal


>diazepam

Fast acting anesthetic: route of administration intravenous


>thiopental

Benzodiazepine antagonist


>flumazenil

Name the neurotransmitters associated with anxiety


>norepinephrine

Name the neurotransmitters associated with anxiety


>5 –HT

Flumazenil


>may be used to reverse the effect of lorazepam

Zolpidem


>binds selectively to GABA-A receptors that contain an alpha -1 subunut

What is the action of kinins


>cause pain

Which drug has both hypnotic and antiepileptic action


>phenobarbitone

Which drug has anticonvulsant action


>diazepam

Which drug is used for barbiturate derivatives poisoning


>activated charcoal

Name the neurotransmitters associated with anxiety


>GABA

Immunosuppressive effect of glucocorticoids is not related


\>violation of  histamine synthesis

Epinephrine does not apply


>in allergic reactions of delayed type

In addition to inhibition of COX mefenamic acid can also


>blocks prostaglandin receptors

What is function of the COX-1 enzymes


>protects the stomach

Antiseptic from the group of aldehyde is


>formalin

Which drug refers to antiseptics


>chloramine B

Some H-1 receptor blockers have effects on other tissue. One of the effects of these drugs on serotonin receptors is


>increased appetite

In hypersensitivity reaction of immediate type do not apply


>azathioprine

The absorption of drugs included in the concept


>pharmacokinetics

Tick the antitubercular drug, belonging to antibiotics


>rifampin

Aminoglycosides


>gentamicin

Antiseptic from the group of dyes is


>methylene blue

Which of the following reaction is conjugation process


>glucuronide

Suspension can’t be administered


>intravenous

Drug administration through the digestive tract represents the term


>enteral administration

Limited kidney filtration of


>substance that bound with plasma protein

The rate of drug metabolism is reduced


>in elderly persons with liver diseases

Rate of drug metabolism is reduced


>in children 1st months of life 

Which indicator determines the elimination rate of drug by biotransformation


>metabolic clearance

Under the influence of hepatic microsomal enzyme inductors (eg, phenobarbital) synthesis of these enzymes


>increases

The cytochrome P 450 system in the liver


>involves in oxidation process by microsomal enzymes

Which of the following is typical for hydrophilic drug substances


>low ability to penetrate through lipid layers of cell membranes

In which of the following organ occur microsomal biotransformation of drugs


>liver

Factors that affecting to total clearance of drug substances


>biotransformation rate

Which compound easily penetrates through the blood-brain barrier


>lipophilic

To calculate the volume of drug distribution need to know


>the concentration of a substance in the plasma

Hepatic microsomal enzyme induction may


>require increase dose of certain substances

The rate of biotransformation of drugs pronounced change


>cytochrome P-450 inhibitors

The rate of biotransformation of drugs pronounced change


>cytochrome P-450 inductors

Drug acetylation means


>joining of acetic acid residue with acetyl-CoA participation

Factors that affecting to drug in the stomach


>acidic environment  

Features of rectal route of administration


>is suitable, if drug causes vomiting

Parenteral route of drug administration includes


>inhalation

Parenteral route of drug administration includes


>intramuscular

Which of the following features has the process of microsomal oxidation of substances in the liver


>non-specificity of substrate

Which of the following feature has the process of microsomal oxidation of substances in the liver


>possibility of inhibition

Drug acetylation means


>chemical biotransformation type occurring in the liver

Drug acetylation means


>type of conjugation

The prolongation of drug effect is achieved in


>creation of storage in fat tissue

The prolongation of drug effect is achieved in


>enterohepatic circulation

Which of the following features has the process of microsomal oxidation of substances in the liver


>the ability to induction

The intensity of passive diffusion of drug substances through the cell membrane is determined by


>concentration gradient of substance

The intensity of passive diffusion of drug substances through the cell membrane is determined by


>degree of substance lipophilicity, concentration gradient

The main route of drug elimination from body is


>kidneys

The rate of blood clearance from drug and its elimination from body is called


>clearance

Ketoprofen and naproxen are which class of drugs


>propionic acids

Which parameter describes the duration of drug action


>half-life

Pain most effectively relieved by opioid agonists


>severe ,constant pain

Naloxone and Naltrexone are what class of drugs


>opioid antagonists

Which of the following non-acidic componds is not a COX -2 inhibitor


>aspirin

Which of the following results can be expected from an opioid agonist


>analgesia

The nonselective beta-adrenergic blocking agent that is also a competitive antagonist at alfa1-adrenoceptors is


>labetalol

Chose the pure narcotic antagonist


>naloxone

Chose the pure narcotic antagonist


>naltrexone

Prescribed to manage diarrhea


>loperamide

β2 adrenergic receptor blockers: effects on the heart


>decrease force of contraction

Examples of β2 adrenergic selective agonists


>terbutaline

Most cardioselective β1 adrenergic receptor antagonist


>atenolol

Which one of the following drugs is useful in treating tachycardia


>propranolol

Systolyc pressure is decreased after the injection of which of following drugs


>metoprolol

Primary mechanism by which norepinephrine acutely increases BP

>increases heart rate

Primary mechanism by which norepinephrine acutely increases BP

>vasoconstriction at precapillary resistance muscles and veins

Rate –determining enzyme reaction in catecholamine biosynthesis


>tyrosine hydroxylase

Used to suppress premature labor


>salbutamol

Principal receptors activated by norepinephrine^


>α1 adrenergic

Principal receptors activated by norepinephrine^


>β1 adrenergic

Contraindications for β-blockers


>acute asthmatic attack

Side effects of α1-blockers


>first dose phenomenon

What is the primary use of a β-blocker


>hypertension

Which drugs have the wider range of effects


>β- blockers

Which of the following antimuscarinic drugs is a selective M1 blocker


>pirenzepine

Which of the following drugs is useful in the treatment of Parkinson′s disease


>benztropine

Side effects of β- adrenergic blocker drug


>bronchoconstriction

Pilocarpine


>is used to lower intraocular pressure in glaucoma

Neostigmine


>may result in bowel hypermotility, salivation, and sweating

Which enzyme is inhibited by echothiophate iodide


>acetylcholinesterase(AChE)

Pralidoxime chloride is a drug that


>reactivates cholinesterases that have been inhibited by organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitors

Where are muscarinic receptors found


>bronchial muscle

How to take pilocarpine


>eye drops

Direct acting cholinergic agonists


<pilocarpine

What is desirable effects of delivery of parasympatholytic agents


>decreased bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation

The most common side effect seen with aerosol ipratropium is


>dry mouth and blurred vision

Where are nicotinic receptors found


>autonomic ganglia

Where are nicotinic receptors found


>adrenaline medullary cells

Where are nicotinic receptors found


>neuromuscular junction

The main desired effect of ipratropium bromide is


>COPD with airway obstruction

Contains amide linkage agent

>lidocaine

Mepivacaine most closely resembles which of the following drugs


>ropivacaine

What medicinal form refers to the solid dosage


>dragee

What does the word "da"mean


>issued

Pharmacodynamics involves the study of following


>mechanisms of drug action

Therapeutic index (TI) is


>a ratio used to evaluate the safety and usefulness of a drug for indication

Affinity is


>ability of substance to bind with specific receptors

Pharmacodynamic interaction may results in

>changing of receptor sensitivity

Physical interaction may results in


>formation of complexes

Chemical interaction may results in


>inactivation

Section of pharmacology studying the role of genetic factors in changing action of drugs


>pharmacogenetics

The loss of effectiveness of antimicrobial drugs is


>drug resistance

The term “chemical antagonism” means that


>two drugs combine with one another to form an inactive compound

Immunologically mediated reaction to drug observed soon after administration


>anaphylaxis

A rapid reduction in the effect of a given dose of drug after only one or two doses

>tachyphylaxis

Which effect may lead to toxic reactions when a drug is taken continuously or repeatedly


>cumulative effect

Tachyphylaxis is


>very rapidly developing tolerance

Therapeutic index (TI) is


>a ratio used to evaluate the safety and usefulness of a drug for indication

The action of medicinal substances in the last trimester of pregnancy studies


>perinatal pharmacology

Give the definition for a therapeutical dose


>the amount of a substance to produce the required effect in most patients

Pick out the correct definition of a toxic dose


>the amount of substance to produce effects hazardous for an organism

A competitive antagonist is a substance that


>binds to the same receptor site and progressively inhibits the agonist response

Mutagenic action of drugs is


>damage of the genetic apparatus leading to a change in the genotype of the offspring

An antagonist is a substance that


>binds to the receptors without directly altering their functions

A competitive antagonist is a substance that


>binds to the same receptor site and progressively inhibits the agonist response

Intrinsic activity is a drug’s ability to elicit


>response

Monday, May 20, 2019

Types of cumulation is


>material

Metabolic transformation – is


>conversion of drugs due to oxidation , reduction , hydrolysis

Which route of administration of drugs has maximum of bioavailability


>intravenous

What discipline study drug therapy in children


>pediatric pharmacology

What is characteristic of the intramuscular route of drug administration


>oily solutions can be injected

The volume of distribution (Vd) relates


>the amount of a drug in the body to the concentration of a drug in plasma

Systemic clearance (CLs) is related with


>volume of distribution, half life and elimination rate constant

What does mean the term clearance


>measure of the body s ability to eliminate of drugs

The reasons determing bioavailability are


>extent of absorption and hepatic first-pass effect

What is characteristic of the oral route


>absorption depends on GI tract secretion and motor function

Tick the feature of the sublingual route

>pretty fast absorption

Pick out the parenteral route of medicinal agent administration


>subcutaneus

What does “pharmacokinetics” include


>drug biotransformation in the organism

What does “pharmacokinetics” include


>distribution of drugs in the organism

What does “pharmacokinetics” include


>excretion of substances

The main mechanism of most drugs absorption in GI tract is


>passive diffusion (lipid diffusion)

What kind of substances can’t permeate membranes by passive diffusion


>hydrophilic substances

The concept of term "metabolism"


>chemical changes that undergo by drug in body

In liver and kidney functional insufficiency


>increases risk of toxic effects

For what type of drug microsomal oxidation is the leading


>for lipophilic

What is metabolic transformation (phase 1)


>transformation of substance due to oxidation, restoration and hydrolysis

What process refers to the second phase of biotransformation


>acetylation

The concept of "bioavailability" is


>the amount of unchanged substance in blood plasma relative to the initial dose

The concept of "half-life" is


>the time during which substance content in plasma is reduced by 50%

The concept of "renal clearance" is


>the clearance rate of substance from a specific volume of plasma (blood) per unit of time

The concept of "presystemic elimination" is


>remove of substance until it enters to systemic circulation

"The elimination half-life" is


>the reduction time of substance content in the plasma by 50% of administered amount

The term "bioavailability" means


>amount of unchanged substance in plasma relative to administered dose

Ionized compounds


>poorly absorbed in GIT

The elimination half-life of substances


>depends on the ability to be storage in the tissues

Drug storage in the blood plasma


>prolong their action

Metabolictransformationreaction

>hydrolysis
>restoration

Pharmacokinetics studies

>patterns of absorption, distribution, transformation and excretion of drugs

What is meant by the term presystemic (first pass) elimination


>loss of part of drug at the first passage through the liver

Biotransformation is


>physico-chemical and biochemical transformation complexes of substance in the organism 

Hepatic clearance is


>the rate of blood clearance from drug

Total clearance is the sum of


>excretory and metabolic clearance

Total clearance — measure


>elimination of drug from organism

What is presystemic (first pass) metabolism


>changing substance concentration after first pass of drug through liver

Bioavailability is


>the percentage of dose that reached systemic blood stream

Metabolic transformation reaction


>oxidation

Metabolictransformation reaction


>hydrolysis

Enteral route of drug administration includes


>oral

Enteral routes of drug administration include


>sublingual

Enteral routes of drug administration include


>rectal

Enteral routes of drug administration include


>transbuccal

The concept of “pharmacokinetics” includes


>absorption of drug

The concept of “pharmacokinetics” includes


>biotransformation of drug

The concept of “pharmacokinetics” includes


>drug distribution

The concept of “pharmacokinetics” includes


excretion of drug from organism